GNU GRUB Manual 2. GNU GRUB Manual 2. Table of Contents. GNU GRUB manual. This is the documentation of GNU GRUB, the GRand Unified Bootloader. This edition documents version 2. This manual is for GNU GRUB version 2. April 2. 01. 7. Copyright 1. Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute andor modify this document. GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. Free Software Foundation with no. Invariant Sections. Introduction to GRUB1. Overview. Briefly, a boot loader is the first software program that runs when. It is responsible for loading and transferring. Linux or. GNU Mach. The kernel, in turn, initializes the rest of the operating. GNU system. GNU GRUB is a very powerful boot loader, which can load a wide variety. GRUB is designed to. One of the important features in GRUB is flexibility GRUB understands. Thus you can load the kernel. When booting with GRUB, you can use either a command line interface. Load Usb Serial Module Linux' title='Load Usb Serial Module Linux' />Command line interface, or a menu interface see Menu interface. Using the command line interface, you type the drive. USB board I 2 C board 8 channel relay module board with a micro USB connector 8 channel relay module board with an I 2 C connection drivers and control utility. Testing USB Host Controller Drivers. Youre likely to be interested in this if youre maintaining a USB Host Controller Driver HCD, especially if its one thats. How To Use This Manual. This is the manual for apcupsd, a daemon for communicating with UPSes Uninterruptible Power Supplies made by American Power Conversion. In the menu. interface, you just select an OS using the arrow keys. The menu is. based on a configuration file which you prepare beforehand. Configuration. While in the menu, you can switch to the. You can even edit menu entries. In the following chapters, you will learn how to specify a drive, a. Naming convention to GRUB, how to. GRUB on your drive see Installation, and how to boot your. OSes see Booting, step by step. History of GRUBGRUB originated in 1. Erich Boleyn was trying to boot the GNU. Hurd with the University of Utahs Mach 4 microkernel now known as GNU. Mach. Erich and Brian Ford designed the Multiboot Specification. Motivation in The Multiboot. Specification, because they were determined not to add to the large. PC boot methods. Erich then began modifying the Free. BSD boot loader so that it would. Multiboot. He soon realized that it would be a lot easier. Free. BSD boot loader, and so GRUB was born. Erich added many features to GRUB, but other priorities prevented him. In. 1. 99. 9, Gordon Matzigkeit and Yoshinori K. Okuji adopted GRUB as an. GNU package, and opened its development by making the latest. CVS. See Obtaining and Building GRUB, for more information. Over the next few years, GRUB was extended to meet many needs, but it. Around 2. 00. 2. Yoshinori K. Okuji started work on PUPA Preliminary Universal Programming. Architecture for GNU GRUB, aiming to rewrite the core of GRUB to make it. PUPA was eventually renamed. GRUB 2, and the original version of GRUB was renamed to GRUB Legacy. Small amounts of maintenance continued to be done on GRUB Legacy, but the. By around 2. 00. 7, GNULinux distributions started to use GRUB 2 to limited. Differences from previous versions. GRUB 2 is a rewrite of GRUB see History, although it shares many. GRUB Legacy. Users. GRUB Legacy may need some guidance to find their way around this new. The configuration file has a new name grub. Configuration and. Commands. Configuration cannot be copied over. GRUB Legacy users should not find the syntax too. Simple configuration. This makes it. easier to handle versioned kernel upgrades. Partition numbers in GRUB device names now start at 1, not 0 see Naming convention. The configuration file is now written in something closer to a full. A small amount of persistent storage is available across reboots, using the. GRUB and the. grub editenv utility. This is not available in all configurations. Environment block. GRUB 2 has more reliable ways to find its own files and those of target. Universally Unique Identifiers UUIDs. GRUB 2 is available for several other types of system in addition to the PC. BIOS systems supported by GRUB Legacy PC EFI, PC coreboot, Power. PC, SPARC. and MIPS Lemote Yeeloong are all supported. Many more file systems are supported, including but not limited to ext. HFS, and NTFS. GRUB 2 can read files directly from LVM and RAID devices. A graphical terminal and a graphical menu system are available. GRUB 2s interface can be translated, including menu entry names. The image files see Images that make up GRUB have been reorganised. Stage 1, Stage 1. Stage 2 are no more. GRUB 2 puts many facilities in dynamically loaded modules, allowing the core. GRUB features. The primary requirement for GRUB is that it be compliant with the. Multiboot Specification, which is described in Motivation in The Multiboot Specification. The other goals, listed in approximate order of importance, are. Basic functions must be straightforward for end users. Rich functionality to support kernel experts and designers. Backward compatibility for booting Free. BSD, Net. BSD, Open. BSD, and. Linux. Proprietary kernels such as DOS, Windows NT, and OS2 are. Except for specific compatibility modes chain loading and the Linux. Multiboot Specification. Only kernels loaded at 1 megabyte. Any attempt to load below that. In addition to the requirements above, GRUB has the following features. Multiboot Specification doesnt require all the features. GRUB supports. Recognize multiple executable formats. Support many of the a. ELF. Symbol. tables are also loaded. Support non Multiboot kernels. Support many of the various free 3. Multiboot. compliance primarily Free. BSD, Net. BSD2. Open. BSD, and Linux. Chain loading of other boot loaders is also. Load multiples modules. Fully support the Multiboot feature of loading multiple modules. Load a configuration file. Support a human readable text configuration file with preset boot. You can also load another configuration file dynamically and. GRUB image file. The list of. Commands are a superset of those supported on the. An example configuration file is provided in. Provide a menu interface. A menu interface listing preset boot commands, with a programmable. There is no fixed limit on the number of boot. Have a flexible command line interface. A fairly flexible command line interface, accessible from the menu. If no configuration file is present, GRUB drops to. The list of commands see Commands are a subset of those supported. Editing commands closely resembles the Bash. Command Line Editing in Bash Features, with TAB completion of commands. Support multiple filesystem types. Support multiple filesystem types transparently, plus a useful explicit. The currently supported filesystem types are Amiga. Fast File. System AFFS, Athe. OS fs, Be. FS. Btr. FS including raid. Linux ext. 2ext. DOS FAT1. FAT1. FAT3. 2, ex. FAT, HFS. HFS, ISO9. Joliet, Rock ridge and multi chunk files. JFS, Minix fs versions 1, 2 and 3, nilfs. NTFS including compression, Reiser. FS, ROMFS. Amiga Smart File. System SFS, Squash. UDF. BSD UFSUFS2, XFS, and ZFS including lzjb, g AES CCM and AES GCM. See Filesystem, for more information. Support automatic decompression. Can decompress files which were compressed by gzip or. This function is both automatic and transparent to the user. This greatly reduces a file size and loading time, a. It is conceivable that some kernel modules should be loaded in a. Installation Of A Wood Stove Insert more. Access data on any installed device. Support reading data from any or all floppies or hard disks recognized. BIOS, independent of the setting of the root device. Be independent of drive geometry translations. Unlike many other boot loaders, GRUB makes the particular drive. A drive installed and running with one. GRUBs configuration. Detect all installed RAMGRUB can generally find all the installed RAM on a PC compatible.